Autophagy: A key regulator of homeostasis and disease: an overview of molecular mechanisms and modulators
Fecha
2022-08-22Autor
Gómez-Virgilio, Laura
Silva-Lucero, Maria-del-Carmen
Flores-Morelos, Diego-Salvador
Gallardo-Nieto, Jazmin
Lopez-Toledo, Gustavo
Abarca-Fernandez, Arminda-Mercedes
Zacapala-Gómez, Ana-Elvira
Luna-Muñoz, José
Montiel-Sosa, Francisco
Soto-Rojas, Luis O.
Pacheco-Herrero, Mar
Cardenas-Aguayo, Maria-del-Carmen
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Autophagy is a highly conserved lysosomal degradation pathway active at basal levels
in all cells. However, under stress conditions, such as a lack of nutrients or trophic factors, it
works as a survival mechanism that allows the generation of metabolic precursors for the proper
functioning of the cells until the nutrients are available. Neurons, as post-mitotic cells, depend
largely on autophagy to maintain cell homeostasis to get rid of damaged and/or old organelles
and misfolded or aggregated proteins. Therefore, the dysfunction of this process contributes to the
pathologies of many human diseases. Furthermore, autophagy is highly active during differentiation
and development. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of the different pathways,
molecular mechanisms, factors that induce it, and the regulation of mammalian autophagy. We
also discuss its relevant role in development and disease. Finally, here we summarize several
investigations demonstrating that autophagic abnormalities have been considered the underlying
reasons for many human diseases, including liver disease, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular diseases,
neurodegenerative diseases, neoplastic diseases, cancers, and, more recently, infectious diseases, such
as SARS-CoV-2 caused COVID-19 disease.
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